نشریه فضای شهری و حیات اجتماعی
پیاپی 9 (تابستان 1403)

The link between the exercise of citizens' rights and the governance which in the right to the city has reached its peak, is undeniable, and thus the right to the city and local governance will be two sides of the same coin.This study by descriptive - analytical method seeks to answer the questions that include the concept, examples and content of the right to the city in Iran's law and the relationship between the right to the city and the relationship with the governance on the basis sustainability. The right to the city is a non-objective matter that the city and the material and spiritual facilities within it belongs to it. Different criteria can be considered to determine its dimensions and content, such as law and special custom, but the second criterion must be valid in the view of the legislator in order to be valid. The rights owner are the people and its duty-bearers are the government and a part of it such as municipalities and similar organizations and also people. Sustainability-based governance through methods such as resolving the ambiguities of the right to the city and creating the conditions for the exercise of this right by achieving its goals can help the enforcement of the right to the city.

The housing (local) tax in the big cities, especially in the last decades has affecting the price and supply of housing in Iran.This research aims to examine the effective indicators of municipal (local) taxes on housing supply from the perspective of experts active in the field of housing in Tabriz metropolis.In order to identify indicators, interviews with construction and housing experts were used. After extracting the indicators, a questionnaire based on the fuzzy Delphi approach was designed and provided to the experts.The final sample consisted of 14 professors and activists in the field of construction with at least 5 years of work experience in the field of construction and housing. Based on the investigation, 114 primary indicators were extracted and after three stages of fuzzy Delphi were implemented and the consensus of the experts was reached, 68 final indicators were identified as indicators of municipal variables affecting housing supply. According to the obtained results, experts believe that, despite the fact that the increase in (local) taxes has led to an increase in the municipality's revenue, on the other hand, factors such as increase in expenses, rent seeking and bribery, municipal expenses has increased the municipality revenue management inefficiencyAlso, complex administrative bureaucracies, lack of transparency in the amount of tolls (local tax) and related costs, concentration in specific city districts, weakness of urban culture and urban expansion, lack of accurate use of dilapidated structures, all of them are indicators of municipal (local) tax affecting price changes and housing supply.

The expansion and excessive increase in the population of cities, the change in the consumption pattern and the increase in waste and the lack of effective scientific methods in the matter of collecting and disposing of urban waste have made this issue one of the problems of urban societies. This research was done with the aim of designing urban waste management model based on new technologies.

This research is a mixed research (qualitative-quantitative), applied and in terms of descriptive-survey method. 20 experts were selected in a targeted way. The statistical population of the quantitative part includes the citizens of Dezful city, who were randomly selected using Cochran's formula, 384 people were available. Data analysis has been used in the qualitative part using the grounded theory method and structural equations in the quantitative part.

The results showed that the index of cultural-social structure, modern leadership and the use of guidelines as contextual categories, environmental and climatic conditions, smartening of the path of waste management and trust building as causal conditions, creating suitable infrastructures, intelligent analysis and training as The categories of strategies, management and human, structural and environmental challenges were selected as intervening categories in the design of urban waste management model based on modern technologies.

It is possible to improve the effectiveness of waste management methods by improving the management structure, increasing public awareness and improving human and environmental health and using new technologies.

The expansion of urbanization and the interaction of people with urban public spaces, the quality of life of city dwellers is tied to the quality of urban spaces. Thus, it is necessary that all different parts of a city have equal access to high quality services. However, tensions regarding the quality of public spaces can be seen in different areas of cities, which may affect spatial justice and create different experiences of urban life for residents of different areas of a city. The information required for this research, which is descriptive-analytical, has been collected by questionnaires based on random selection. Questionnaires are divided into 2 main sections including personal information and questions related to research variables. Physical infrastructure, accessibility, cultural conditions and objective and subjective security are the variables of this research. The data from the questionnaires were analyzed using hot spot analysis and Moran's index in ARC GIS software version 10.7. The results show that there is a significant difference between the quality of different regions of Tabriz city, so that region 2, 5 and 1 are known as the highest quality regions and region 8, 10, 4 and 6 are the lowest quality regions of Tabriz city from the residents' point of view.

Public spaces with their functional diversity are always producers and consumers of social capital. This research aims to investigate the function of public space consumption and the amount of social capital in the context of place, time, and activity. The research method is of a mixed type based on qualitative interpretative and quantitative explanatory methods. The data was collected by organized observation method, case interviews, and questionnaire completion in the public spaces of the city center of Zanjan in the number of 470 samples. The research variables include trust, cohesion, awareness, and social participation. The data analysis was based on the qualitative method of interpretive tables and the quantitative method based on concentration, dispersion, change radar, follow-up model, and T-Welch. The findings show that the type of consumption function of public spaces has a determining effect on the amount of social capital. So linear public spaces based on movement with limited space for standing, and conversation, have less social capital than collectivist public spaces with spatial organization based on sitting and social discourse. There is a significant relationship between the period of space use and its function with the amount of social capital at an acceptable significance level. So, the a posteriori model shows a significant difference in the amount of social capital in the public spaces of Zanjan city center. The dispersion of social capital in the radar of changes is towards the periphery of the radar (desirability), which according to Welch's model, this ratio is different according to the type and time of space consumption.: The type of function of the space determines the type of consumption and according to the type of consumption it affects the social capital. The users of the public spaces city center have different social capital according to the function of the space.

This article is trying to study the environment factors quality of the open and public spaces, Landscape and climate micro of new town residential complexes of Sahand. Living and freshness of city is fundamentally connected to environmental spaces, and that’s why important factors are considered as significant criterion in evaluating environment. The main problem is that most residential communities were not regarded in the development of environment because of the abstract viewpoint to the residence issue. This cross-sectional study was carried out for the 2009-2010 periods. Type of sampling was simple random sampling, 330 of residents were participated into this study. An interview was managed and information was gathered through questionnaire. All data gathering for this study was analyzed using descriptive. Data analysis was accomplished by SPSS.13 software. Results showed that most of residents (48.8%) consider the quality of open spaces at good levels, 49/9% moderate level and 9.1% low level. The mean and standard deviation of the sample individuals in relation to satisfaction levels of the open spaces of urban residential areas in Sahand were, 88/055 and 21.133 respectively. In the new city of Sahand, the attention should be paid to the environmental and microclimatic aspects of residential complexes with the purpose of the creation of attraction and also the reinforcement of population increase as well as the promotion of open and green public spaces in respect to the climatic welfare